[12]
1. Genesius, Historia. Bonn, 1834, 33.
2. A. A. Vasiliev-H. Grégoire, Byzance et les Arabes, I. Brussels, 1935, 31, Note 2. Cf. F. Hirsch, Byzantinische Studien. Leipzig, 1876, 131.
3 E. W. Brooks, Iohannis Ephesini historiae ecclesiasticae pars tertia, CSCO. Louvain, 1936, 61-62 (English trans. R. Payne Smith, Oxford, 1860, 125-126); Theophanes, Chronographia, ed. C. de Boor, I. Leipzig, 1883, 245.
4 H. Gelzer, Pergamon unter Byzantinern und Osmanen. (Abhandlungen der Königlich preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften) Berlin, 1903, 42 f.
5 H. Grégoire, Précisions géographiques et chronologiques sur les Pauliciens, Académie royale de Belgique: Bulletin de la Classe des Lettres et des Sciences Morales et Politiques, 5 Ser., 33 (Brussels, 1947) 294 f., 298 f.; S. Runciman, The Medieval Manichee, Cambridge, 1947, 34.
6 Strabo, 12. 3. 36.
7 Ghevond, Histoire des guerres et des conquêtes des Arabes en Arménie, tr. from Armenian by G. V. Chahnazarian. Paris, 1856, 22, 33-34; cf. J. Laurent, L'Arménie entre Byzance et I'Islam depuis la conquête arabe jusqu'en 886. Paris. 1919, 184, note 4; Muyldermans, La domination Arabe en Arménie... Paris, 1927, 98-99.
8 Ghevond, 129.
9 Ibid., 162.
10 Stephen (Asoghik) of Taron, Histoire universelle (1e partie), tr. from Armenian by E. Dulaurier. Paris, 1883. (Publications de 1'Ecole des Langues Orientales Vivantes, XVIII), 162.
11 Procopius, De bello Gothico, III, 32, 7; cf. R. Grousset, Histoire de L'Arménie des origines à 1071. Paris, 1947, 242. Grousset's statement concerning vast transfers of Armenians to Thrace by Justinian is not borne out by his references.
12 Evagrius Scholasticus, Ecclesiastical History, ed. J. Bidez and L. Parmentier. London, 1898, 215. The translation is taken from the English version of Evagrius which appeared in Bohn's Ecclesiastical Library: Theodoret and Evagrius, History of the Church. London, 1854, 444.
13 N. Adontz has tried to prove the Armenian origin of Maurice: Les légendes de Maurice et de Constantin V, empereurs de Byzance, Annuaire de 1'Institut de Philologie et d'Histoire Orientales, 2. Brussels, 1934, 1-12: but see P. Goubert, Byzance avant I'lslam, I. Paris, 1951, 34-41.
14 Sebeos, Histoire d'Heradius, tr. from Armenian by F. Macler. Paris, 1904, 30-31. Cf. F. Dölger, Regesten der Kaiserurkunden des oströmischen Reiches, I. Munich, 1924, p. 13, No. 108.
15 Nicephorus, Opuscula Historica, ed. C, de Boor. Leipzig, 1880, 65, 66; Theophanes, I, 427, 429; Michael Syrus, Chronique, ed. and trans. J.-B. Chabot, 2. Paris, 1901, 518, 521, 523; Agapius of Menbidj, Histoire universelle, tr. A. A. Vasiliev, Patrologia Orientalis, 8 (1912), 544; Ghevond, op. cit., 126-127.
16 Agapius of Menbidj, 531, 538; Dionysius I of Tell-Mahre, Chronique, tr. J.-B. Chabot. Paris, 1895, 56-57. Cf. A. Lombard, Etudes d'histoire byzantine. Constantin V, empereur des Romains (740-775). Paris, 1902, 35.
17 Theophanes, I, 451-452; Ghevond, op. cit., 150; Michael Syrus, 3, 2.
18 For a careful examination of this tradition see N. Adontz, L'Age et i'origine de l'empereur Basil I, Byzantion 8 (1933) 475-500; 9 (1934) 257 ff.
19 Cedrenus, Historiarum Compendium. Bonn, 1839, 2, 382; Anna Comnena, Alexiad, 2. Bonn, 1878, 298 f.
20 Stephen (Asoghik) of Taron, Histoire universelle (deuxième partie), tr. from Armenian by F. Macler. Paris, 1917, 74.
21 P. Charanis, The Chronicle of Monemvasia and the Question of the Slavonic Settlements in Greece, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 5 (1950) 154-155.
22 Theophanes, I, 469.
23 H. Grégoire, La carriere du premier Nicephore Phocas, II. Thessalonica, 1953, 251 [see Bibliography].
24 Leo Diaconus, Historia. Bonn, 1828, 28.
25 P. Charanis, On the Ethnic Composition of Byzantine Asia Minor in the Thirteenth Century, II. 142 ff [see Bibliography].
26 P. Charanis, Ethnic Changes in the Byzantine Empire in the Seventh Century, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 13 (1959) 31.
27 Ibid., 31.
28 Evagrius, 209 f.
29 Theophanes, I, 251.
30 John of Ephesus, Smith, 407, Brooks, 234.
31 Ibid.; Smith, 207, Brooks, 113.
32 Theophylactus Simocatta, Historia, ed. C. de Boor. Leipzig, 1887, 67.
33 Ibid., 104.
34 Michael Syrus, 2, 72.
33 Sebeos, 35.
36 Cf. Goubert, op. cit., I, 197.
37 Sebeos, 36-37. Cf. Goubert, op. cit., I, 200; Dölger, op. cit. 12, No. 94.
38 Theophylactus Simocatta, 205, 216.
39 Sebeos, 54-55. Cf. Goubert, op. cit., I: 209; Dölger, op. cit. 16, No. 137.
40 On some recent theories concerning the spread of military estates, see: Charanis, Ethnic Changes in the Byzantine Empire in the Seventh Century, 33, note 60a.
41 The father of the Emperor Heraclius, also named Heraclius, who served as general during the reign of Maurice is said to have been a native of a city located in Armenia. Theophylactus Simocatta, 109-110. John of Nikiu calls the Emperor Heraclius a Cappadocian: Chronique, tr. H. Zotenberg. Paris, 1883, 431.
42 Theophanes, I, 304, 309, 316; Nicephorus, 15; Agapius of Menbidj, 463. Cf. H. Grégoire, An Armenian Dynasty on the Byzantine Throne, Armenian Quarterly I (1946) 9.
43 For a detailed study of the theme system with references to the older literature see A. Pertusi, Constantino Porfirogenito De Thematibus, Studi e Testi, Vatican, 1952, 160.
44 Ibid., 117-120.
45 This is the opinion of George Ostrogorsky which, though it has been recently contested, appears to me plausible. For a rejection of this view: J. Karayannopulos, Die Entstehung der byzantinischen Themenordnung, Munich, 1959; A. Pertusi, La formation des thèmes byzantins, Berichte zum XI. internationalen Byzantinisten-Kongress. München 1958 (Munich, 1958) I, 1-40. But see G. Ostrogorsky, Korreferat zu A. Pertusi, "La formation des thèmes byzantins", Ibid., I, 1-8.
46 Constantin Porphyrogenitus, De thematibus, ed. Pertusi (Note 43 above), p. 63.
47 F. Cumont, L'Annexion du pont polemoniaque et de la Petite Armenie. Anatolian Studies Presented to Sir William Mitchell Ramsey. Manchester, 1923, 115.
48 Bury, citing Adontz, says that in "the period after Justinian, and indirectly as a consequence of his policy" the Armenians expanded "westward towards Caesarea and northward towards the Black Sea": History of the Later Roman Empire. London, 1923, 2, 346, note 1. Cf. N. Adontz, Armenia in the Epoch of Justinian. St. Petersburg, 1908 (in Russian), 203 [English translation appeared in 1970]. Adontz uses as his source the De Thematibus of Constantine Porphyrogenitus. As I know no Russian, I consulted Adontz's book with the aid of Cyril Mango.
49 Theophanes, I, 469.
50 For Sebasteia at the beginning of the tenth century: Constantine Prophyrogenitus, De Ceremoniis. Bonn, 1829, 652.
51 H. Grégoire, Les Arméniens entre Byzance et l'Islam. Byzantion 10 (1935) 665.
52 E. W. Brooks, Arabic Lists of the Byzantine Themes, The Journal of Hellenic Studies 21 (1901) 72-76 and note 5 on p. 75.
53 Kodama in M. J, de Goeje, Bibliotheca Geographorum Arabicorum, 6. Lugduni-Batavorum, 1889, 196-199. For an important amendation relating to the strength of the Armeniacs, H. Gelzer, Die Genesis der byzantinischen Themenverfassung. Leipzig, 1899, 97-98. Cf. Pertusi, Constantino Porfirogenito de thematibus, p. 118, who is inclined to accept the amendation: Kodama does not give the strength of Macedonia, but according to the source made available by Brooks, it numbered 5,000.
54 As for instance the Anatolikon and the Thracesian: Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De Ceremoniis, 652, 657, 667.
55 For the documentation of what follows see Charanis, Ethnic Changes in the Byzantine Empire in the Seventh Century, 34-36.
56 Symeon Magister. Bonn, 1838, 603.
57 Adontz, Sur l'origine de Léon V, empereur de Byzance, Armeniaca, 2 (1927), 1-10.
58 Ibid., 9.
59 According to one tradition Michael's grandfather was a Jew who had been converted to Christianity: Michael Syrus, 3: 72.
60 The Armenian origin of Theodora is well known. Cf. G. Ostrogorsky, History of the Byzantine State. New Brunswick, N. J., 1957, 195. Theophanes Continuatus, Chronographia. Bonn, 1838, 148, where Manuel, uncle of Theodora, is referred to as Armenian. Though there is some confusion about the career of this Manuel, this confusion does not affect the Armenian origin of Theodora's family. Cf. H. Grégoire, Études sur le neuvième siècle, Byzantion 8 (1933) 524.
61 Symeon Magister, 687; Georgius Monachus. Bonn, 1838, 839.
62 Theoph. Continuatus, 205; Georgius Monachus, 834.
63 Theoph. Continuatus, 89.
64 Theoph. Continuatus, 175; Cedrenus, 2, 161. Cf. Vasiliev - Grégoire, Byzance et les Arabes, 1, 147, Note 1. On his Armenian descent, cf. P. Peeters, Acta Sanctorum, Novembris, Tomus Quartus. Brussels, 1925, 546; J. B. Bury, A History of the Eastern Roman Empire, 429.
65 Theoph. Continuatus, 175; Cedrenus, 2, 161; Peeters, op. cit., 546, Note 3; Vasiliev - Grégoire, op. cit., 1, 221, Note 2.
66 Theoph. Continuatus, 175, 354, 398.
67 Ibid., 57 f, 62 f.
68 Ibid., 18, 24, 110, 120-121, 127, 148; Genesius, 52, 68.
69 Grégoire, Études sur le neuvième siècle. Byzantion 8 (1933) 524; F. Dvornik, The Patriarch Photius and Iconoclasm. Dumbarton Oaks Papers 7 (1953) 69 f.
70 Theoph. Continuatus, 150, 194, 196, 229, 238; Georgius Monachus, 835; Cedrenus 2, 280; C. de Boor, "Zu Genesios", Byz. Zeitschr. 10 (1901), 62-65.
71 Theoph. Continuatus, 107 f.; Symeon Magister, 630; Cedrenus, 2, 118. Cf. Bury, History of the Eastern Roman Empire, 126, Note 3.
72 Cedrenus, 2, 119.
73 Theoph. Continuatus, 224 f., 226, 229.
74 Adontz, L'Age et I'origine de I'empereur Basil I, Byzantion 9 (1934) 229.
75 Symeon Magister, 678; Georgius Monachus, 830; Genesius, 106; Theodosius Melitenus, Chronographia, ed. T. L. F. Tafel. Munich, 1859, 170.
76 Symeon Magister, 688; Georgius Monachus, 837, edition by E. de Muralt. St. Petersburg, 1861, 750; Theodosius Melitenus, 176. Cf. J. B. Bury, History of the Eastern Roman Empire, 458-479; Adontz, L'Age et I'origine de I'empereur Basil I, Byzantion, 9 (1934) 299 ff.
77 Adontz, ibid., 231.
78 Grégoire, Manuel et Théophobe ou la concurrence de deux monastères, Byzantion 9 (1934) 185 ff.
79 Theoph. Continuatus, 154. Cf. Lebeau, Histoire du Bas-Empire 13. Paris, 1832, 14, Note 3. Bury, History of the Eastern Roman Empire, 60, Note 3. His Armenian origin is further indicated by his father's name, Pancratius, and by that of his brother's, Arshavir. See further: Cyril Mango, The Homilies of Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople, English Translation, Introduction and Commentary. Cambridge, Mass., 1958, 240-243. Leo as relative or cousin of John: Theoph. Continuatus, 185; Cedrenus, 2, 166. For biographical references concerning the career of Leo see Mango, op. cit., 161-162.
80 Theoph. Continuatus, 175. Cf. Bury, History of the Eastern Roman Empire, 156, Note 1. Arshavir, Photius' uncle, must not be confused with Arshavir, the brother of John the Grammarian. See Adontz, Role of the Armenians in Byzantine Science, Armenian Review, vol 3, No. 3 (1950) 66.
81 Theoph. Continuatus, 268; Cedrenus, 2, 207; J. G. C. Anderson, The Campaign of Basil I Against the Paulicians in 872 A.D. The Classical Review 10 (1896) 136 f.; E. Honigmann, Die Ostgrenze des Byzantinischen Reiches. Brussels, 1935, 74.
82 Theoph. Continuatus, 268; Cedrenus, 2, 207.
83 Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De Administrando Imperio, ed. by Gy. Moravcsik and tr. into English by R. J. H. Jenkins (Budapest, 1949), 226-227; De Thematibus, ed. Pertusi, 73, and 139 f. for commentary by editor. Honigmann, op. cit., 69. According to Jenkins the theme of Mesopotamia was created sometime between 899 and 901; R. J. H. Jenkins, B. Laourdas, C. A. Mango, "Nine Orations of Arethas from Cod. Marc. Gr. 524", Byz. Zeit. 47 (1954), 15. See also Const. Porph. De Administrando Imperio, vol. II, Commentary, ed. by R. J. H. Jenkins (London, 1962), 189.
84 In the location of these regions I have followed Honigmann, op. cit. 55, 64-66, and Map II at end of book. For the road system of Asia Minor see J. G. C. Anderson, The Road System of Eastern Asia Minor with the Evidence of Byzantine Campaigns, The Journal of Hellenic Studies 17 (1897) 22-44 and plate I at the end of the volume. Honigmann does not agree with Anderson in the location of certain places.
85 Const. Porphy., De Administrando Imperio, Moravcsik and Jenkins, 238-240. Bonn, 227-228; De Thematibus, Pertusi, 75-76, 143-146 (Bonn, 32-35); Honigmann, op. cit., 64. On Melias: P. Kyriakides, [see Bibliography] Thessalonica, 1932, 320-326; Grégoire, Notes épigraphiques, VII, Byzantion 8 (1933) 79 ff. Cf. John Mavrogordato, Digenes Akrites, Oxford, 1956, liii.
86 M. Canard, Histoire de la dynastie des H'amdanides de Jariza et de Syrie. Paris, 1953, 736.
87 Const. Porph. De Administrando Imperio, ed. Moravcsik and Jenkins, 238 (Bonn, 226-227); De Thematibus, ed. Pertusi, 140. Honigmann, op. cit., 70 and 90-92 for the location of Romanopolis. In a posthumous memoire published in 1961 Honigmann, revising his earlier view, places Romanopolis to the east of Arsamosata at Gabalgur, Armenian Chapaghjur, near the modern city of Chapakchur: E. Honigmann, Trois Mémoires posthumes d'histoire et de géographie de I'orient chretien ( = Académie Royale de Belgique. Classe des Lettres et de Sciences Morales et Politiques. Mémoire. Tome LIV) (Brussels, 1961), 85-123. I retain his earlier location on the grounds that, given the geographical disposition of Chozanon and Asmosaton, it is difficult to see how Romanopolis could have been annexed to Mesopotamia if it were actually located where Honigmann in his revised view puts it.
88 Const. Porphy., De Administrando Imperio, ed. Moravcsik and Jenkins, 238 (Bonn, 226); Honigmann, op. cit., 77; Canard, op. cit., 737.
89 On Charpezikion: Const. Prophy., De Ceremoniis, 662, 666, 667, 669; Honigmann, op. cit., 75-77. On Chozanon, Const. Prophy., De Administrando Imperio, Moravcsik and Jenkins, 238 (Bonn, 226); Honigmann, op. cit', 77-78; Canard, op. cit., 762, Note 99.
90 Yahya Ibn Said, tr. into French by M. Canard in Extraits des Sources Arabes. Brussels, 1950 ( = Vasiliev-Grégoire, Byzance et les Arabes, II, 2), 95; Honigmann, op. cit., 79, note 2, 230.
91 Cedrenus, 2, 375; Adontz, Notes Arméno-Byzantines, Byzantion 9 (1934) 374 f.; Les Taronites en Arménie et a Byzance, Byzantion 10 (1935) 541 f.; Honigmann, op. cit., 48 f.; Grousset, op. cit., 493 f.
92 Stephen (Asoghik) of Taron, tr. Macler, 141; German translation, H. Gelzer and A. Burckhardt (Scriptores sacri et profani, 4). Leipzig, 1907, 196.
93 H. Gelzer, Ungedruckte und ungenügend veroffentlichte Texte der Notitiae episcopatum, K. Akademie der Wissenschaften, München, Phil.-hist. Abteilung, Abhandlungen 51, Munich, 1901, 563, Note 2. Cf. Honigmann, op. cit., 68.
94 Fr. Tournebize, Histoire politique et religieuse de l'Arménie. Paris, 1900, 154.
95 Bar Hebraeus, Chronography, tr. by E. A. W. Budge, Oxford, 1932, 1, 169.
96 Honigmann, Malatya, The Encyclopaedia of Islam 3. London, 1936, 194. Cf Canard, Histoire de la dynastie des H'amdanides..., 736.
97 Grégoire, Notes épigraphiques, 82 f.
98 Bar Hebraeus, op. cit., 169.
99 Ibn Zafir, tr. Canard, Extraits des Sources Arabes, 125; Dahibi, Ibid., 243 f.; Canard, Histoire de la dynastic des H'amdanides..., 779. For Turks, Khorasanians and Khazars in Constantinople at the beginning of the tenth century: A. A. Vasiliev, Harun-Ibn Yahya and his Description of Constantinople, Seminarium Kondakovianum 5 (1932) 158.
100 Cedrenus, 2, 361.
101 Mas'udi, tr. Canard, Extraits des sources arabes, 34, 36, Tabari, Ibid., 12, Ibn Hauqal, Ibid., 419-421.
102 Const. Porphy., De Ceremoniis, 1, 652 ff, 666 ff.; Leo Diaconus, op. cit., 14; G. Schlumberger, Un empereur byzantin au dixième siècle: Nicephore Phocas. Paris, 1890, 46.
103 Grégoire, La carrière du premier Nicéphore Phocas, 235 f., 251; Const. Porphy., De Ceremoniis, 1, 661.
104 Stephen (Asoghik) of Taron, op. cit., 45. Cf. Adontz, Samuel l'Arménien, roi des Bulgares, Mémoires de 1'Académie Royale de Belgique, Classe des Lettres, 38 (1938) 49.
105 Canard, Histoire de la dynastie des H'amdanides..., 731 ff.
106 Mutanabbi, tr. Canard, Extraits des Sources Arabes, 323.
107 Cedrenus, 2, 361; Bar Hebraeus, op. cit., 168; Canard, Histoire de la dynastie des H'amdanides..., 807, 822.
108 Cedrenus, 2, 419; Stephen (Asoghik) of Taron, tr. Macler, 56; Adontz, Notes Arméno-Byzantines, 380; Canard, Histoire de la dynastie des H'amdanides..., 844-845.
109 Nicephorus Phocas, De velitatione bellica. Bonn, 1828, with Leo Diaconus, 88; von Lingenthal-Zepos, Ius Graecoromanum. Athens, 1931, 1, 247; Canard, Histoire de la dynastie des H'amdanides..., 822; J. Laurent, Byzance et les Turcs Seldjoucides dans l'Asie occidentale jusqu'en 1081. Nancy, 1913, 52, Note 1.
110 Tabari, tr. Canard, Extraits des Sources Arabes, 6; Eutychius, Ibid., 25; Mas'udi, Ibid., 38, 395; Hamza al-Isfahani, Ibid., 47; Ibn al-Atir, Ibid., 139; Sibt Ibn al-Gauzi. Ibid., 165.
111 See for instance, A. A. Vasiliev, History of the Byzantine Empire, 324-1453, 2nd ed. Madison, Wisconsin, 1952, 301.
112 For a thorough study of the origin and early career of Basil I; Adontz, L'Age et l'origine de I'empereur Basile I, Byzantion 8 (1933) 475-550; 9 (1934) 223-260.
113 Adontz, La portée historique de I'oraison funèbre de Basile I par son fils Leon VI le Sage, Byzantion 8 (1933) 508 ff.
114 Theophanes Continuatus, 419; Georgius Monachus, 91.
115 Grégoire, Notules, Byzantion, 8 (1933) 572 ff.
116 Georgius Monachus, 841; Symeon Magister, 690; Theodosius Melitenus, 178. Constantine Porphyrogenitus calls Romanus "a common, illiterate fellow" and not one among those who "have followed the Roman national customs from the beginning", De Administrando Imperio, ed. Moravcsik and Jenkins, 72 (Bonn, 88). See further Liudprand of Cremona, Works, tr. by E. A. Wright. New York. 1930, 119 ff.; 127.
117 On the reign of Romanus Lecapenus and the Lecapeni in general: S. Runciman, The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus and His Reign. Cambridge, 1929.
118 Matthew of Edessa, Chronique, tr. from Armenian by E. Dulaurier (Bibliothèque historique Arménienne). Paris, 1858, 16, 374. Cf. Armenian version of Michael Syrus translated by V. Langlois, Chronique de Michel le Grand, Venice, 1868, 281; Leo Diaconus, op. cit., 92.
119 Theophanes Continuatus, 277; Cedrenus, 2, 213. Cf. A. Vogt, Basile Ie empereur de Byzance (867-886) et la civilisation byzantine à la fin du IXe siècle. Paris, 1908, 153.
120 Leo Diaconus, 117; Cedrenus, 2, 384.
121 Leo Diaconus, 38, 99.
122 Ibid., 127.
123 Georgina Buckler, A Sixth Century Botaniates, Byzantion 6 (1931) 409 f.
124 Attaliates, Historia. Bonn, 1853, 217 ff.
125 Grégoire, La carrière du premier Nicéphore Phocas, 250.
126 For details, Ibid., 232-250.
127 Cedrenus, 2, 285 f.
128 Ibid., 2, 285, 316, 327.
129 Cf. Adontz et Grégoire, Nicéphore au col roide, Byzantion 8 (1933) 208.
130 Cedrenus, 2: 351.
131 On all this see Adontz et Grégoire, Nicéphore au col roide, 205 ff.
132 Cedrenus, 2: 726; Altaiiates, 229. Cf. Buckler, op. cit., 407 ff.
133 Attaliates, 220 ff.
134 Theophanes Continuatus, 426.
135 Ibid., 426 f. On the career of John Curcuas: Runciman, The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus, 135-150.
136 Theophanes Continuatus, 429, Georgius Monachus, 917.
137 Theophanes Continuatus, 428; Cedrenus, 2, 347-348, 405, 483.
138 Theophanes Continuatus, 401; Georgius Monachus, 893-894.
139 Cedrenus, 2, 343; Theophanes Continuatus, 443. Cf. Runciman, The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus, 64. On the confiscation of the properties of Romanus Musele: von Lingenthal-Zepos, 1, 266, Note 48.
140 Const. Porphy., De Thematibus, ed. Pertusi, 81.
141 On Samonas see R. Janin, "Un Arabe ministre à Byzance: Samonas," Echos d'Orient 36 (1935), 307-318. But more especially, R. J. H. Jenkins, "The Flight of Samonas," Speculum, 23 (1948), 217-235.
142 For a study of the Krenitae; Adontz, Les Taronites en Arménie et a Byzance, Byzantion, 10 (1935), 535-540.
143 Theophanes Continuatus, 358; Cedrenus, 2, 255.
144 Cedrenus, 2, 417.
145 For details of the revolt of Bardas Skleros: G. Schlumberger, L'épopée byzantine, 1. Paris, 1896, 354 ff.; 726 ff.
146 Cedrenus, 2, 392.
147 Ibid., 2.: 483, 501; Michael Psellos, Chronographie, ed. E. Renauld. Paris, 1926-1928, 125, 142 = Constantine IX, ch. 15, ch. 50. Basil's daughter was married to Constantine IX before he had become emperor. Basil's granddaughter was the beautiful Sklerina who served Constantine IX as his mistress. Psellos, Idem.
148 Cedrenus, 2, 622.
149 Anna Comnena, 2, 155 (Bonn Edition); 3, 70 (Ed., B. Leib, Paris, 1945).
150 See Note 66.
151 Vita Euthymii, ed. C. de Boor. Berlin, 1888, 2; edited with an English translation, P. Karlin-Hayter, Byzantion, 25-27 (1955-1957) 10.
152 Ibid. 3, 24 (de Boor); 12, 52 (Karlin-Hayter).
153 Cedrenus, 2, 258; Symeon Magister, 703.
154 Leo Diaconus, 46 f.; 94.
155 See the sketch drawn of Basil by Psellos, ed. Renauld, 1, 3, 12.
156 Theophanes Continuatus, 305, 306, 307, 308.
157 Ibid., 423; Georgius Monachus, 914.
158 Theophanes Continuatus, 382-383; Symeon Magister, 718-719; Georgius Monachus, 874-875. Cf. Adontz, Les Taronites en Arménie et a Byzance, Byzantion 9 (1934), 737.
159 Adontz, Les Taronites en Arménie et à Byzance. Byzantion 10 (1935) 532-534.
160 Cedrenus, 2: 280; Theophanes Continuatus, 383.
161 Cf. Adontz, Les fonds historiques de l'épopée byzantine Digénis Akritas. Byz. Zeitschr. 29 (1929-1930) 205 f.
162 See Note 85 for the pertinent references.
163 Mavrogordato, op. cit., LIII.
164 Theoph. Continuatus, 358; Cedrenus, 2, 254. On this encounter with Symeon, Cf. S. Runciman, A History of the First Bulgarian Empire. London, 1930, 144 ff.
165 Cedrenus, 2, 280; Theoph. Continuatus, 383.
166 Theoph. Continuatus, 435, 436; Cedrenus, 2, 327.
167 Cedrenus, 2, 424, 427; Nicephorus Bryennius Commentarii, ed. A. Meineke, Bonn, 1836, 154, where a Basil Kourtikes is mentioned.
168 Ibid., 365-367. Cf. Adontz, Notes Arméno-byzantines, Byzantion 10 (1935) 184; W. H. Buckler, Two Gateway Inscriptions, Byz. Zeitschr. 30 (1929-30) 647-648.
169 Nicephorus Bryennius, 117; Anna Comnena, The Alexiad, ed. B. Leib, 1. Paris, 1937, 131; 3. Paris, 1945, 200 ff. The Bourtzes family used the Armenian name of Bardas: Anna Comnena, op. cit., 3, 200.
170 On this family, see Adontz, Notes Arméno-byzantines, Byzantion 10 (1935) 161-170.
171 Ibid., 171-185.
172 Adontz, Les Taronites en Arménie et à Byzance, Byzantion 9 (1934) 715-738, 10 (1935) 531-551; 11 (1936) 21-42. Also, his Observations sur la généalogie des Taronites, Byzantion 14 (1939) 407-413.
173 Nicephorus Melissenos, according to the French translation of Bryennius by H. Grégoire, is said to have been related to the Bourtzes family on his father's side. This would indicate that the Melissenoi were also of Armenian origin: H. Grégoire, Nicèphore Bryennios: Les quatre livres des histoires. Byzantion 23 (1953-1954) 480. It should be pointed out, however, that the Bonn edition of Bryennius (p. 24) has Moptious; not Bourtzes.
174 Adontz, Les Taronites à Byzance. Byzantion 11 (1936) 30-42.
175 Paul Peeters, Un Colophon géorgien de Thornik le moine. Anal. Boll. 50 (1932) 370-371; A. Adontz, Tornik le moine. Byzantion 13 (1938) 143-164. But cf. M. Tarchnisvili, Die Anfänge der schriftstellerischen Tätigkeit des hl. Euthymius und der Aufstand von Bardas Skleros. Oriens Christianus 38 (1954) 117. See also R. P. Blake, Some Byzantine Accounting Practices. Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 51 (1940) 14-16.
176 Adontz, Notes Arméno-byzantines. Byzantion 9 (1934) 377-382.
177 Ibid., 367-371.
178 M. Gyóni, L'oeuvre de Kekaumenos, sources de I'histoire romaine, Rev. d'Hist. Comparée, nouvelle série, 3 (1945) 109-125. The relationship between Katakalon and the author Kekauraenos is not quite clear. See Gyoni's (op. cit., 126-128) review of the question. Concerning the Armenian origin of the Kekaumenoi see further Paul Lemerle, Prolégomènes à une édition critique et commentée des "Conseils et Récits" de Kekaumenos ( = Acad. Royale de Belgique. Classe des Lettres et des Sciences Morales et Politiques, Mémoires, 56). Brussels, 1960, 20 ff.
179 On members of the family of Apocapes, Vryonis, The will of a Provincial Magnate, Eustathius Boilas (1059), Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 11 (1957) 274 f. The most distinguished member of the family of Pacurianus was Gregory (d. 1086) who held very important positions and whose extensive properties are known in detail. Louis Petit, Typikon de Grégoire Pacourianos pour le monastère de Pétritzos (Bachkovo) en Bulgarie, Biz. vrem. 11 (Supplement 1) (1904). On the origins and career of Gregory: p. vi ff. Though he served the Byzantine empire and served it well, Pacurianus never forgot his Georgian-Armenian origins. The monastery of Petzitzos which he founded was to house only Georgian monks. Greeks were specifically forbidden to become members of it. Ibid., 44.
180 Honigmann, Die Ostgrenze des Byzantinischen Reiches, 155 ff.; R. Grousset, Histoire de l'Arménie, 529-535; Schlumberger, L'épopée Byzantine, 2. Paris, 1900, 159-165. But see Z. Avalichvili who denies that either Basil II or the pro-Byzantine faction in the entourage of David had anything to do with the death of David, La succession du Guropalate David d'Ibérie, dynaste de Tao. Byzantion 8 (1933) 190 ff.
181 Continuator of Thomas Ardzrouni, Histoire des Ardzrouni, tr. by M. Brosset, Collection d'Historiens Arméniens, 1. St. Petersburg, 1874, 248; Samuel of Ani, Table Chronologique, tr. by Brosset, Collection..., 2, 1876, 443; Cedrenus, 2: 464; Grousset, op. cit., 553 ff.; Honigmann, Die Ostgrenze..., 168 ff.; Schlumberger, Epopée..., 2: 500 ff.
183 Aristakes of Lastivert, op. cit., 67-68; Honigmann, Die Ostgrenze..., 175.
184 Matthew of Edessa, op. cit., 126; Honigmann, Die Ostgrenze... 188, n. 6.
185 Vryonis, The will of a Provincial Magnate..., 264, 265. The existence of Greek dedicatory inscriptions in the regions to which this text refers does not alter meaningfully the ethnic situation which it indicates. Cf. Lemerle, op. cit., 29 ff.
180 Cedrenus, 2, 464; Honigmann, Die Ostgrenze..., 173, n. 4.
187 Cedrenus, 2, 559; Matthew of Edessa, op. cit., 78; Honigmann, Die Ostgrenze..., 175, n. 3.
188 Aristakes of Lastivert, op. cit., 67-68; Honigmann, Die Ostgrenze..., 175.
189 Matthew of Edessa, op. cit., 126; Honigmann, Die Ostgrenze..., 188, n. 6.
190 Cedrenus, 2, 464; Aristakes of Lastivert, op. cit., 31, n. 4.
191 Cedrenus, 2, 559.
192 Aristakes of Lastivert, op. cit., 67-68; Honigmann, Die Ostgrenze..., 175.
193 Matthew of Edessa, op. cit., 113.
194 Ibid., 114.
195 Michael Tchamtchian, History of Armenia (In Armenian) 2. Venice, 1785, 903. I consulted Tchamtchian's work with the help of Professor Sirarpie der Nersessian.
196 M. Brosset in Lebeau-Saint-Martin, Histoire du Bas-empire 14. Paris, 1838, 211. Tournebize, Histoire politique et religieuse de L'Arménie, 124.
197 Continuator of Thomas Ardzrouni, op. cit., 248.
198 For instance Matthew of Edessa, op. cit., 182.
199 On the expansion of the Armenians: Attaliates, 96-97, 137; Cedrenus, 2, 626; Matthew of Edessa, op. cit., 182; Michael Syrus, 3, 133, 173, 187, 198; St. Narses of Lampron in Recueil des Historiens des Croisades: Documents Arméniens 1. Paris, 1869, 576.
200 On the religious tension between Greeks and Armenians see now: Speros Vryonis, Byzantium: The Social Basis of Decline in the Eleventh Century, Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 2 (1959) 169 ff. It must be pointed out, however, that there were Armenians even in the eastern regions of the empire, the so-called Tzatoi, who accepted Orthodoxy as defined by Constantinople: Ibid., p. 169, n. 21; I. Doens, Nicon de la Montagne Noire, Byzantion 24 (1954) 134; P. Peeters, Orient et Byzance. Le Tréfonds Oriental de l'hagiographie byzantine. Brussels, 1950, 163.
201 At Mentzikert the Armenian contingents in the Byzantine army deserted the Byzantine cause: Michael Syrus, op. cit., 3, 169; cf. Attaliates, 113.
202 Romanus IV Diogenes took special measures to protect his troops from the attacks of the Armenians; Attaliates, 135. On the friendly attitude of some Armenians toward the Turks see Irene Melikoff, La geste de Melik Danismend. Etude critique du Danismendname. I. Introduction et Traduction (= Bibliothèque archéologique et historique de 1'Institut francais d'Archéologie d'lstanbul, X) (Paris, 1960), 90, 126 but especially 129.
203 Cf. J. Laurent, Byzance et les Turcs Seldjoucides dans I'Asie occidentale jusqn'en 1081. Nancy, 1913, 38 ff.
204 On Philaretus: J. Laurent, Byzance et Antioche sous le curopalate Philarète, Rev. des Et. Arméniennes 9 (1929) 61-72.
205 J. Laurent, Des Grecs aux Croisés. Etude sur I'histoire d'Edesse entre 1071 et 1098, Byzantion 1 (1924) 367-449.
206 Honigmann, Malatya, The Encyclopaedia of Islam 3 (1936) 195.
207 Sempad, Chronique de royaume de la Petite Arménie, tr. E. Dulaurier, Recueil des Historiens des Croisades: Documents Arméniens 1. Paris, 1869, 619.
208 Gregory the Priest, Chronique, tr. Dulaurier, Ibid., 154. Also note 2 on the same page for other references to sources to the effect that the Armenians of Cilicia recognized the suzerainty of the empire. Cf. Sirarpie Der Nersessian, The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia, in A History of the Crusades, volume II, The Later Crusades 1184-1311, edited by R. I. Wolff and H. W. Hazard (Philadelphia, 1962), 630-659.
209 The Turkish conquest of Asia Minor and the political decline of the empire by no means brought to an end the migration of Armenians into Greek-speaking lands. We know, for instance, that in 1414 eighty Armenian families from Trebizond, Sebasteia and the country around were permitted by the Venetians to settle in Crete. Freddy Thiriet, La Romanie Venétienne au Moyen Age (Paris, 1959), 414 f; also Thiriet, Régestes de déliberations du Sénat de Venise concernant la Romanie, II (Paris, 1959), 120, no. 1516.
210 P. Charanis, On the Ethnic Composition of Byzantine Asia Minor in the Thirteenth Century, Thessalonica, 1953, 142 ff. [see Bibliography].
211 Gregory the Priest, op. cit., 152 f.
212 P. Charanis, On the Ethnic Composition of Byzantine Asia Minor..., 144.
213 Anna Comnena (Bonn) 2, 298 f.; Nicetas Choniates, Historia. Bonn, 1835, 527, 534; Geoffroi de Ville-Hardouin, La Conquête de Constantinople, edited and translated into modern French by M. Natalis de Wailly. Paris, 1872, 239.
214 For Armenians in Constantinople: Michael Syrus, op. cit., 3, 185, 186.
215 Fr. Miklosich et J. Müller, Acta et Diplomata Graeca, 3. Vienna, 1865, 89; cf. Charanis, The Jews in the Byzantine Empire under the First Palaeologi Speculum, 22 (1947) 76 f.
216 C. Jirechek, Geschichte der Bulgaren. Prague 1876, 222. The presence of Armenians in the region of Moglena at least during the reign of Manuel Comnenus (1143-1180) is known from the Vita of St. Hilarios, bishop of Moglena, which was composed in the fourteenth century by Euphemius, the Bulgarian patriarch of Trnovo. It is stated there that Hilarios launched a violent persecution against numerous heretics, Manichaeans, Bogomiles and Armenians: Jirechek, review of G. Weigand's, Vlacho-Meglen, Eine ethno-graphisch-philologische Untersuchung, in Archiv f. s1. Philol. 15 (1893) 98.
217 In the region around Lake Prespa where Greece, Yugoslavia and Albania meet there are a number of Byzantine monuments with distinctly Armenian architectural features. As these monuments are of a local type, their Armenian architectural features can best be explained by assuming the establishment of Armenian settlements there. See Bibliography for St. M. Pelekanides, Thessalonike, 1960, 55 ff.
218 J. Laurent, Les origines médiévales de la question Arménienne, Rev. des Et. Armeniennes I (1920) 47.
219 Ibid., 49.
220 Runciman, The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus..., p. 165, n. 2.
221 Matthew of Edessa, op. cit., 152-154. For a poem of the ninth century expressing the hatred of the Greeks against the Armenians: Vryonis, Byzantium: The Social Basis of Decline in the Eleventh Century, 173.
222 F. Macler, Erzeroum ou topographic de la haute Arménie, Journ. Asiatique, 11th series, 13 (1919) 223. Macler quotes an Armenian writer of the seventeenth century who says in effect: The Armenians hated the Greeks, the Greeks hated the Armenians and so God sent the Turks.