| 1
| EGY Caesar sets fire to warships in the harbour of Alexandria, and the fire spreads to destroy part of the library.
* Read Caesar's account
@
Caes:BCiv_3.111'1-112'9;*
Sen:Dial_9.9'5;
Lucan_10'486-505;
Plut:Caes_49'6;
Flor_2.13'59;
Gell_7.17'3;
DioCass_42.38'2-3;
AmmMarc_22.6'13;
Oros_6.15'31-32.
|
|---|
| 2
| Caesar puts Pothinus to death, but Arsinoe escapes and joins Achillas.
* Read Caesar's account
@
Caes:BCiv_3.112'10-12;*
Lucan_10'505-529;
DioCass_42.39'1-4.
|
|---|
| 3
| Achillas is killed by Arsinoe, who puts Ganymedes in command of the Egyptian army.
* Read Caesar's account
@
[Caes]:BAlex_1'1-4'2;*
Liv_fr'41;L
Appian:BCiv_2'90.
|
|---|
| 4
| The Egyptians attempt to cut off Caesar's water supply.
* Read Caesar's account
@
[Caes]:BAlex_5'1-9'4;*
Plut:Caes_49'6.
|
|---|
| 5
| Caesar defeats the Alexandrians in a sea battle.
@
+[Caes]:BAlex_10'1-16'7.
|
|---|
| 6
| ITA {Jan. -R} Document: Cic:Att_11.9-10, two letters from Cicero to Atticus, written at Brundisium.
|
|---|
| 7
| Document: Cic:Fam_14.16, a letter from Cicero to his wife Terentia.
|
|---|
| 8
| EGY During a attack on the island of Pharos, Caesar is forced to escape from his enemies by swimming to a ship.
* Read Plutarch's account
@
Strab_17'792;(1.6)
Plut:Caes_17'1-21'5;*
Lucan_10'529-546;
Plut:Caes_49'7-8;
Suet:Caes_64'1;
Flor_2.13'59-60;
Appian:BCiv_2'90,
'150;
DioCass_42.40'1-5;
Oros_6.15'33-34;
{ Green_667.}
|
|---|
| 9
| PAL Antipater brings some Jewish soldiers to join the forces that Mithridates of Pergamon is leading to relieve Caesar.
* Read Josephus' account
@
Joseph:BJ_1'187-188,*
:AJ_14'128-129,
'138-139<q"
Strab>,
'383,
16'52,
:Ap_2'61;
Movses_2'18;
{ OCD_a=48.}
|
|---|
| 10
| EGY Caesar releases Ptolemy, who immediately joins the Egyptian forces.
* Read Caesar's account
@
+[Caes]:BAlex_22'1-24'6;*
Plut:Caes_49'9;
DioCass_42.42'1-5;
Oros_6.16'1.
|
|---|
| 11
| Ti.Claudius Nero defeats the Egyptians near Canopus, despite the death of Euphranor, the Rhodian admiral.
* Read Caesar's account
@
+[Caes]:BAlex_25'1-6;*
Suet:Tib_4'1;
Appian:BCiv_2'101;
DioCass_42.40'6.
|
|---|
| 12
| ILL Gabinius, the general of Caesar, is defeated by the Illyrians, and dies soon afterwards at Salonae.
* Read Caesar's account
@
Cic:Att_11.16'1;
+[Caes]:BAlex_43'1-3;*
Appian:Ill_12,
27,
28,
:BCiv_2'59;
{ OCD_g.}
|
|---|
| 13
| EGY Mithridates of Pergamon captures Pelusium.
* Read Caesar's account
@
[Caes]:BAlex_26'1-3;*
Joseph:BJ_1'189,
:AJ_14'130;
DioCass_42.41'1-3.
|
|---|
| 14
| {27 March -R} Ptolemy is defeated and killed in a battle by the river Nile.
* Read Caesar's account
@
+[Caes]:BAlex_27'1-31'6;*
[Liv]:Per_112;
Ovid:Met_15'753-754;
Plut:Caes_49'1;
Joseph:BJ_1'190-192,
:AJ_14'131-136;
Flor_2.13'60;
Appian:BCiv_5'9;
DioCass_42.43'1-4;
[Euseb]:Chron_167;(↓)
Hieron:Chron_1970;
Oros_6.16'1-2;
{ CAH_9'434; the death of Ptolemy occurred in January according to the Julian calendar - see Bennett.}
|
|---|
| 15
| {March -R} Document: Cic:Att_11.11-13, letters from Cicero to Atticus.
|
|---|
| 16
| SPA Trebonius arrives as the new governor of Spain.
* Read Caesar's account
@
+[Caes]:BAlex_64'1-2;*
Liv_fr'39;L
{ OCD_t; DPRR.}
|
|---|
| 17
| Q.Cassius is drowned while attempting to sail out of the river Ebro.
* Read Caesar's account
@
+[Caes]:BAlex_64'2-3;*
DioCass_42.16'2;
{ OCD_c.}
|
|---|
| 18
| Pharnaces captures Amisus and wins over the rest of Pontus.
* Read Caesar's account
@
Cic:Att_15.15'2;
+[Caes]:BAlex_41'1-2;*
Strab_12'547;(3.14)
+DioCass_42.46'3.
|
|---|
| 19
| EGY Caesar establishes Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIV as joint rulers of Egypt.
* Read Caesar's account
@
+[Caes]:BAlex_32'1-33'5;*
Strab_17'796;(1.11)
Plin:HN_5'128;
Joseph:Ap_2'58;
Plut:Caes_49'10;
Suet:Caes_35'1;
Appian:BCiv_4'59;
DioCass_42.44'1-45'1;
[Euseb]:Chron_167,(↓)
169;
Eutrop_6.22'2;
+Hieron:Chron_1970;
{ OCD_p.}
|
|---|
| 20
| ITA {April -R} Document: Cic:Att_11.14, a letter from Cicero to Atticus.
|
|---|
| 21
| ROM M.Antonius fails to suppress disturbances caused by the tribune P.Dolabella.
* Read Dio's account
@
+[Caes]:BAlex_65'1;
[Cic]:InSall_17-18;(6)
[Liv]:Per_113;
Plut:Ant_9'1-4,
+:Caes_51'3;
Appian:BCiv_2'92;
DioCass_42.27'1-32'3;*
{ CAH_9'435.}
|
|---|
| 22
| == M.Antonius divorces his wife Antonia, alleging that she had an affair with Dolabella.
* Read Plutarch's account
@
Cic:Phil_2'99;
Plut:Ant_9'2-3.*
|
|---|
| 23
| Further misdeeds of M.Antonius, while acting as magister equitum in Caesar's absence.
* Read Cicero's account
@
Cic:Phil_2'62-63;*
Plin:HN_8'55;
Plut:Ant_9'5-9,
+:Caes_51'3-4;
DioCass_45.28'1-29'4,
46.13'1-16'5;
{ OCD_d.}
|
|---|
| 24
| EGY Caesar goes on a cruise up the river Nile with Cleopatra.
* Read Plutarch's account
@
Plut:Ant_25'4-5;*
Suet:Caes_52'1;
Appian:BCiv_2'90,
'154;
{ CAH_9'434; according to Appian, Caesar remained in Egypt until June, in the Roman calendar.}
|
|---|
| 25
| ITA {14 May -R} Document: Cic:Att_11.15, a letter from Cicero to Atticus.
|
|---|
| 26
| BOS Asander rebels against Pharnaces.
* Read Appian's account
@
Appian:Mith_120;*
+DioCass_42.46'4.
|
|---|
| 27
| PAL Caesar confirms Antipater and Hyrcanus as rulers of Judaea.
* Read Josephus' account
@
~Joseph:BJ_1'193-200,
:AJ_14'137-148;*
Hieron:Chron_1950.
|
|---|
| 28
| SYR Caesar settles affairs in Syria and surrounding regions.
* Read Caesar's account
@
Cic:Att_11.20'1;
+[Caes]:BAlex_65'2-66'5;*
Appian:BCiv_3'77,
4'58;
DioCass_47.26'3.
|
|---|
| 29
| CIL Caesar stays at Tarsus, where C.Cassius surrenders to him.
* Read Cicero's account
@
Cic:Att_11.13'1,
15'2,
:Fam_15.15'3,
:Phil_2'26;*
Plut:Brut_6'5;
DioCass_42.13'5;
[Vict]:VirIll_83'6;
{ OCD_cass.}
|
|---|
| 30
| AEG Brutus visits M.Marcellus in exile, at Mytilene.
@
Sen:Dial_12.9'4-10'1;
{ Around this time, Brutus went to meet Caesar at Nicaea (Cic:Att_14.1'2).}
|
|---|
| 31
| ITA {June -R} Document: Cic:Fam_14.8 & 14.21, two letters from Cicero to his wife Terentia.
|
|---|
| 32
| {June -R} Document: Cic:Att_11.16-18, letters from Cicero to Atticus.
|
|---|
| 33
| Document: Cic:Fam_14.11 & 14.15, two letters from Cicero to his Terentia.
|
|---|
| 34
| GLT Caesar meets Deiotarus, and allows him to retain his status as a tetrarch.
* Read Cicero's account
@
+[Caes]:BAlex_67'1-68'2;
Cic:Brut_21,
:Deiot_8-10,
14-24,*
36-38,
:Phil_2'94;
Plut:Brut_6'5-9.
|
|---|
| 35
| AFR Scipio is chosen to be overall commander of the Pompeian army in Africa.
* Read Dio's account
@
[Liv]:Per_113;
Vell_2.54'2-3;
Plut:CatMin_57'1-7;
+DioCass_42.57'1-5;*
[Vict]:VirIll_80'3;
Eutrop_6.23'1-2.
|
|---|
| 36
| ILL Vatinius defeats Octavius in a sea battle near the island of Tauris.
@
+[Caes]:BAlex_43'4-47'5;
{ OCD_v.}
|
|---|
| 37
| PAL Antipater appoints his sons Phasaelus and Herodes to govern Jerusalem and Galilee.
* Read Josephus' account
@
Joseph:BJ_1'201-207,*
:AJ_14'156-162;
{ OCD_h.}
|
|---|
| 37a
| GRE << Document: Syll_761, decrees of the Amphictyons and Delphi in honour of citizens of Delphi.
|
|---|
| 38
| ITA {July -R} Document: Cic:Att_11.23 & 11.25, two letters from Cicero to Atticus.
|
|---|
| 39
| {July -R} Document: Cic:Fam_14.10 & 14.13, two letters from Cicero to his wife Terentia.
|
|---|
| 40
| {22 July -R} Document: Cic:Att_11.19, a letter from Cicero to Atticus.
|
|---|
| 41
| PON Caesar negotiates with Pharnaces, while advancing against him.
* Read Caesar's account
@
+[Caes]:BAlex_69'1-71'2;*
Appian:BCiv_2'91;
+DioCass_42.47'1-4,
44.45'3.
|
|---|
| 42
| {1 August -R} Caesar defeats Pharnaces at Zela, and says: "veni, vidi, vici".
* Read Caesar's account
@
+[Caes]:BAlex_72'1-77'2;*
Cic:Deiot_14;
[Liv]:Per_118;
Seneca:Suas_2'22;
Frontin:Str_2.2'3;
Plut:Caes_50'2-4,
:Mor_205'E;
Suet:Caes_35'2;
Flor_2.13'63;
Appian:BCiv_2'91,
:Mith_120;
+DioCass_42.47'5-48'2,
44.46'1;
Eutrop_6.22'2;
{ CAH_9'434; OCD_z.}
|
|---|
| 43
| Caesar establishes Mithridates of Pergamon as tetrarch and king of Bosporus.
* Read Caesar's account
@
+[Caes]:BAlex_78'1-5;*
Strab_13'625;(4.3)
Appian:Mith_121;
+DioCass_42.48'3-4.
|
|---|
| 44
| ASI Document: Sherk_80,B concessions granted to Pergamon by Caesar.
|
|---|
| 45
| PAL Hyrcanus summons Herodes to stand trial, but then releases him.
* Read Josephus' account
@
Joseph:BJ_1'208-211,*
~:AJ_14'163-177,
'182,
15'4,
'16.
|
|---|
| 46
| ITA {August -R} Document: Cic:Att_11.24 & 11.20-21, letters from Cicero to Atticus.
|
|---|
| 47
| {August -R} Document: Cic:Fam_14.23-24, letters from Cicero to his wife Terentia.
|
|---|
| 48
| {August -R} Document: Cic:Fam_15.15, a letter from Cicero to C.Cassius.
|
|---|
| 49
| AFR Cato fortifies the city of Utica.
* Read Plutarch's account
@
[Caes]:BAfr_88'5;
[Liv]:Per_113;
Plut:CatMin_58'1-12.*
|
|---|
| 50
| ITA {1 September -R} Document: Cic:Fam_14.22, a letter from Cicero to his wife Terentia.
|
|---|
| 51
| {September -R} Document: Cic:Att_11.22, a letter from Cicero to Atticus.
|
|---|
| 52
| ASI Caesar extracts large amounts of money from individuals and cities, as he returns to Rome.
* Read Dio's account
@
Appian:BCiv_2'92;
+DioCass_42.49'1-50'5.*
|
|---|
| 52a
| GRE Document: Syll_759, a statue of Julius Caesar at Athens.
|
|---|
| 53
| SYR Sex.Caesar appoints Herodes to be governor of Coele Syria.
* Read Josephus' account
@
Joseph:BJ_1'212-215,*
~:AJ_14'178-184.
|
|---|
| 54
| ITA {25 September -R} Cicero meets Caesar at Brundisium, and is treated with respect.
* Read Plutarch's account
@
Cic:Lig_7,
:Marc_13;
Seneca:Suas_7'1;
Plut:Cic_39'3-5.*
|
|---|
| 55
| ITA {1 October -R} Document: Cic:Fam_14.20, a letter from Cicero to Terentia, written near Venusia.
|
|---|
| 56
| ROM Caesar introduces measures to help the poor and reduce the unrest at Rome.
* Read Dio's account
@
DioCass_42.33'1-3,*
+51'1-5;
{ CAH_9'797; OCD_c.}
|
|---|
| 57
| Gold denarii coins are produced with a weight of one fortieth of per pound.
@
Plin:HN_33'47;
{ see Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, cat.no.456.}
|
|---|
| 58
| Consuls are eventually elected for the current year; and Caesar is elected as consul for the following year.
* Read Dio's account
@
+Plut:Caes_51'1,
:Ant_10'2;
DioCass_42.20'4,
+55'4,
43.1'1-3;*
Eutrop_6.23'1;
Oros_6.16'3;
Macrob:Sat_2.3'5;L
{ CAH_9'435.}
|
|---|
| 59
| Octavianus appears in the forum during the Latin Festival.
@
~NicDam_127'13.
|
|---|
| 60
| Caesar sells off the property of Pompeius and his other enemies.
* Read Cicero's account
@
Cic:Fam_13.8'1-3,
:Phil_2'64-69,*
'103-104,
:Off_1'43;
Plut:Ant_10'3;
Macrob:Sat_2.2'5;L
{ CAH_9'435.}
|
|---|
| 61
| PAL Hyrcanus sends envoys to Rome, to confirm a treaty of friendship.
@
Joseph:AJ_14'185-210;
{ just before Caesar set out for Africa.}
|
|---|
| 62
| Caesar quells a mutiny in Campania, after the soldiers threaten the praetor C.Sallustius.
* Read Dio's account
@
[Liv]:Per_113;
Frontin:Str_1.9'4;
Tac:Ann_1'42;
+Plut:Caes_51'2;
Suet:Caes_70'1;
Appian:BCiv_2'92-94;
Polyaen_8.23'15;
+DioCass_42.52'1-55'3;*
{ CAH_9'435.}
|
|---|
| 63
| BOS Pharnaces is killed by Asander, who seizes control of Bosporus.
* Read Strabo's account
@
Strab_13'625;* (4.3)
Appian:Mith_120;(↓)
Eutrop_6.22'2;
{ OCD_p.}
|
|---|
| 64
| ROM Cicero divorces Terentia.
* Read Plutarch's account
@
Plut:Cic_41'2-3;*
DioCass_46.18'3;
{ OCD_c<47/6>.}
|
|---|
| 65
| << The death of Brithagoras of Heracleia.
@
Memn_40'3-4;
{ Brithagoras visited Caear in about 59 B.C., and died 12 years later.}
|
|---|
| 66
| Octavianus is persuaded by his mother Atia that he should not go to Africa with Caesar.
@
NicDam_127'14-15.
|
|---|
| 67
| SIC {17 December -R} Caesar joins his army at Lilybaeum, to prepare for the invasion of Africa.
* Read Caesar's account
@
#[Caes]:BAfr_1'1-5;*
+Plut:Caes_52'1-2;
Appian:BCiv_2'95.
|
|---|
| 68
| AFR {25 December -R} Caesar sails from Lilybaeum, and reaches Africa near Hadrumetum.
* Read Caesar's account
@
#[Caes]:BAfr_2'1-5'1;*
Cic:Div_2'52;
Frontin:Str_1.12'2;
+Plut:Caes_52'2,
'4-5;
Suet:Caes_59'1;
Appian:BCiv_2'95;
MinFel:Oct_26'4;
+DioCass_42.56'1,
58'1-3;
{ CAH_9'435; OCD_c.}
|
|---|
| 69
| ROM ++ Calvus is one of the leading orators of his generation.
* Read Cicero's account
@
Cic:Brut_283-284,*
:Fam_15.21'4;
Plin:HN_34'166;
{ OCD_c.}
| 70
| == Omens at Rome.
@
~DioCass_42.26'3-5.
|
|---|
| 71
| == The poet Vergilius makes a speech in a court case, on only one occasion.
@
[Suet]:Verg_15-16;
{ the approximate date is suggested by Tenney Frank in chapter 2 of his biography of Vergil.}
|
|---|
| 72
| SYR == Laodiceia is made autonomous and inviolable, and adopts a new 'Julian' era.
@
THI_205.A.
|
|---|
| 73
| EXT == The start of the era of Azes in Gandhara.
@
CKI_405;
{ see S.Baum(2017), p. 62.}
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