221 B.C. Olympiad 139.4Click on the links in the lists of references to go to the sources for each event
| 1 | EGY {30 Gorpiaeus -M = 13 Tybi -E = February} Document: Austin_318, a petition from Aristomachus to Ptolemaeus IV. |
|---|---|
| 2 | ROM {1 March -R} The triumph of Marcellus over the Insubres and Germans, in which he carries back the "spolia opima" to Rome.
* Read Plutarch's account @ Naev:Praet_1; Verg:Aen_6'855-859; +FastTr_p101; [Liv]:Per_20'b; ValMax_3.2'5;L Silius_1'133;L +Plut:Marc_8'1-11,* :Rom_16'7; Flor_1.20'5; Ampel_21'1;L [Vict]:VirIll_45'2;L +Eutrop_3.6'2. |
| 3 | MAC << Antigonus defeats an invading Illyrian army.
* Read Plutarch's account @ ~Polyb_2.70'6; ~Plut:Cleom_30'3-4;* {CAH_7.1'472; OCD_a.} |
| 4 | PER << Molon starts a rebellion against Antiochus.
@ ~Polyb_5.41'1-42'9; {CAH_7.1'434; Green_701.} |
| 5 | SYR Antiochus marries Laodice, the daughter of Mithridates of Pontus.
@ ~Polyb_5.43'1-4; {Green_701.} |
| 6 | SPA ++ Hannibal develops his skills as a soldier and officer while serving under Hasdrubal in Spain.
* Read Livy's account @ Liv_21.4'5-10;* Frontin:Str_4.3'8; Suda_A'2452. |
| 7 | ++ Hasdrubal pursues a policy of expansion in Spain, and seeks political influence at Carthage.
* Read Polybius' account @ Polyb_3.8'1-5;* Diod_25.12'1; Liv_21.2'5; Silius_1'144-150;L Appian:Hisp_8'b. |
| 8 | Hasdrubal is assassinated, and Hannibal is appointed to be the new Carthaginian commander in Spain.
* Read Polybius' account @ ~Polyb_2.36'1-7,* 3.13'3-4; Diod_25.12'1; ~Nepos_23.3'1-2, 7'4; Liv_21.2'6, 3'1; ValMax_3.3e'7;L Silius_1'144-270;L ~Appian:Hisp_8'a, :Hann_2'b-3'a; Ampel_28'4;L Just_29.1'7, 44.2'4, 5'5-6; Zonar_8.21'b; {CAH_8'28; OCD_h.} |
| 9 | MES Molon gains control of Apollonia.
@ ~Polyb_5.43'5-45'4. |
| 10 | PEL ?? The philosopher Prytanis is appointed by Antigonus to draw up a legal code at Megalopolis.
@ Polyb_5.93'8. |
| 11 | ?? The drunken behaviour of Euphorion at a banquet given by Prytanis.
* Read Athenaeus' account @ Athen_11.477'e<q"* Hegesander>; Suda_E'3801. |
| 12 | MAC ?? A saying of Apollophanes, a parasite of Antigonus.
@ Athen_6.251'd<q" Phylarch_46>. |
| 13 | ++ General remarks on the achievements of Antigonus.
* Read Livy's account @ Liv_32.21'25,* 40.54'4. |
| 14 | The death of Antigonus Doson, who is succeeded by Philippus V.
* Read Polybius' account @ Polyb_2.70'6-8,* +71'6, 4.87'6-8, 39.8'5-6; Liv_40.56'4; Plut:Cleom_30'3-4; Paus_7.7'5; Just_28.4'16-29.1'2; +[Euseb]:Chron_237'd-239'a, 241'c, 243'b; !Hieron:Chron_1799; ExcBarb_44A; ChronSynt_91'a; {CAH_7.1'472; CAH_8'94.} |
| 14a | CIL ?? Document: Austin_272, a letter from Thraseas about a dispute between the cities of Nagidus and Arsinoe. |
| 15 | EGY ?? Document: Bagnall_69, an oath made by Semtheus concerning his duties as assistant to a banker. |
| 16 | ?? Ptolemaeus III defeats and kills Adaeus.
@ Trog:Prol_27. |
| 17 | ?? The phoenix appears at Heliopolis.
@ Tac:Ann_6'28. |
| 18 | ?? Ptolemaeus III introduces the cult of Sarapis at Alexandria.
@ Tac:Hist_4'84; {Tacitus reports this as an alternative account - most authors agreed that the cult was introduced by Ptolemaeus I.} |
| 19 | ?? Berenice rebukes Ptolemaeus for playing dice while sentencing criminals to death.
@ Aelian:VH_14'43. |
| 20 | EXT ?? Ptolemaeus III is a keen collector of rare wild animals, and sends Simmias to explore Ethiopia.
@ Diod_3.18'4, 41'1, 42'1; Aelian:NA_16'39. |
| 21 | EGY ++ Callicrates and Panaretus are favourites of Ptolemaeus.
* Read Athenaeus' account @ Athen_6.251'd<q"* Euphantus>, 12.552'c. |
| 22 | The death of Ptolemaeus III, and accession of Ptolemaeus IV.
* Read Polybius' account @ +Polyb_2.71'6, 39.8'5-6;* +AstrCan_3; Strab_17.795'e;(1.11) Plut:Cleom_33'1; ClemAl:Strom_1.21'w; Just_29.1'5, 30.1'2; [Euseb]:Chron_127'c, 161'b-c; ChronPasc_432'B; +Hieron:Chron_1797; ExcBarb_35B; {CAH_7.1'435; OCD_p.} |
| 23 | CIS The consuls subdue the Istrians.
* Read Zonaras' account @ [Liv]:Per_20'b; +Eutrop_3.7'1; +Oros_4.13'16;L +Zonar_8.20'i;* {CAH_7.2'435; CAH_8'91.} |
| 24 | AFR The Barcid faction at Carthage appeals to Hannibal for help.
* Read Appian's account @ ~Appian:Hisp_8'a-9'b,* :Hann_3'a-b. |
| 25 | SPA Hannibal subdues the Olcades.
* Read Polybius' account @ ~Polyb_3.13'5-8;* Liv_21.5'3-4, '7; {CAH_8'32; OCD_h.} |
| 26 | PAL The Egyptian army holds a defensive position against Antiochus at Gerrha.
@ ~Polyb_5.45'5-46'5; {CAH_7.1'434.} |
| 27 | MES Molon defeats Xenoetas, the general of Antiochus.
@ ~Polyb_5.46'6-48'10. |
| 28 | PEL The Messenian ephors fine Dorimachus the Aetolian for encouraging brigands to attack their territory.
@ ~Polyb_4.3'1-4'9; {CAH_7.1'474; Green_702.} |
| 29 | MES Molon gains control of Babylonia.
@ ~Polyb_5.48'11-16. |
| 30 | Antiochus takes command of the war against Molon.
@ ~Polyb_5.48'17-50'14. |
| 31 | {December?} Antiochus stops for the winter at Antiocheia in Mygdonia.
@ ~Polyb_5.51'1. |
| 32 | SPA >> Civil dissension at Saguntum.
* Read Polybius' account @ ~Polyb_3.15'7,* 30'2; {CAH_8'34.} |
| 33 | ROM ?? L.Metellus officiates at the dedication of a temple to Ops.
@ Plin:HN_11'174.L |
| 34 | >> The death of L.Metellus, the pontifex maximus.
* Read Cicero's account @ ~Cic:Sen_30;* ValMax_8.13'2;L {OCD_m.} |
| 35 | >> Q.Metellus delivers a funeral oration in praise of his father.
@ Plin:HN_7'139-141;L {CAH_8'424.} |
| 36 | >> Fabius "Censorius" puts his son to death on a charge of theft.
@ +Oros_4.13'17-18.L |
| 37 | >> Fabius Maximus (? or Minucius) is forced to resign as dictator.
* Read Plutarch's account @ Liv_22.9'7; ValMax_1.1'5;L Plut:Marc_5'6-7;* {OCD_f..} |
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